Prep the oven and pan: Heat the oven to 375°F (190°C).
Grease a 9x13-inch baking dish with butter or cooking spray.
Dry the hash browns: If using frozen, make sure they’re thawed and pat them dry with paper towels. This helps the casserole set and keeps the edges crisp.
Sauté the aromatics: In a skillet over medium heat, cook the onion and bell pepper in a bit of butter or oil until soft, 5–6 minutes. Add garlic for the last minute.
If using sausage or bacon, cook it now and drain excess fat.
Build the base: In a large bowl, toss the hash browns with the melted butter, 1/2 teaspoon salt, 1/2 teaspoon pepper, and smoked paprika. Spread evenly in the baking dish and press lightly to form a flat layer.
Add the fillings: Scatter the sautéed vegetables and cooked meat (if using) over the hash browns. Sprinkle about half of the cheddar on top.
Make the egg mixture: Whisk the eggs, milk or half-and-half, 1/2 teaspoon salt, and a few grinds of pepper until smooth.
Pour evenly over the casserole, nudging the fillings so the egg mixture seeps through.
Top with cheese: Add the remaining cheddar across the surface for a golden, bubbly finish.
Bake: Place on the center rack and bake for 35–45 minutes, until the top is browned and the center is set. A knife inserted in the middle should come out mostly clean with no runny egg.
Rest and garnish: Let it rest for 10 minutes to firm up for clean slices. Top with chopped green onions or chives for a fresh bite.
Serve: Cut into squares and serve warm with hot sauce, salsa, or a dollop of sour cream if you like.